Carbon nanotubes were discovered experimentally by s. Although it is not physically accurate, these cylinders can best be visualized by imagining a sheet of graphite that has been rolled into a tube. Tutorial on physical properties and characterization of. Investigation into their properties has become one of the most active fields of modern research. Plan of presentation introduction to cnts applications of cnts 3.
In graphene, carbon atoms are densely organized in a regular sp 2 bonded atomicscale honeycomb hexagonal pattern, and this pattern is a basic structure for other sp 2 carbon bonded materials allotropes such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes wiley online books wiley online library. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes springerlink. Singlewalled carbon nanotubes 205 dices determine whether a swnt will be a metal or a semiconductor. Adding to the confusion is the existence of long, thin, and often hollow, carbon fibers that have been called carbon nanotubes but have a quite different makeup from that of the nanotubes that scientists generally refer to. Unique properties material of the future seemingly infinite applications possible health issues carbon nano tubes 14. Luzzi laboratory for research in the structure of matter department of materials science and engineering university of pennsylvania 3231 walnut street, philadelphia, pa 191046272, usa harry c. Carbon atoms can bond with their neighboring atoms to create sheets graphene, cylinders nanotubes, and balls fullerenes with unique properties. Graphite carbon nanotubes emerge as interesting conducting materials. Isots 10798 is also valid for multiwall carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes, long, thin cylinders of carbon, were discovered in 1991 by sumio iijima. Introduction carbon nanotubes cnts are cylindershaped macromolecules with a radius as small as a few nanometers, which can be grown up to 20 cm in length. Jun 19, 2012 introduction to carbon nanotubes and their applications 1. Carbon nanotubes are exceptionally interesting from a fundamental research point of view.
In order to visualize how nanotubes are built up, we start with graphite, which is the most stable form of crystalline carbon. They can be thought of as a sheet of graphite a hexagonal lattice of carbon rolled into a cylinder. Optical properties of carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes are hollow tubes made entirely from carbon with diameters in the nanometer range such as the one shown in the picture below. Smalley institute for nanoscale science and technology, rice university, houston, texas, 77005, usa. To the best of my knowledge, the main focus in the current research lays on exploring the effective production methods for singlewalled carbon nanotubes swnts because of their unique physical and chemical properties and hence their potential electronic application. Most of the physical properties of carbon nanotubes derive from graphene. Introduction to the properties of carbon nanotubes. Dresselhaus physical properties of carbon nanotubes imperial college press, london. Within the layers the atoms are arranged at the corners of hexagons which fill the whole plane. Carbon nanotubes, basic concepts and physical properties by reich, thomsen and maultzsch wiley, 2004. Aug, 2014 most of the physical properties of carbon nanotubes derive from graphene.
This book presents the key computational modeling and numerical simulation tools to investigate carbon nanotube characteristics. We investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the properties of carbon nanotubes synthesized by hf pe ccvd on sio 2 si100 substrate using electron microscopies and xray absorption spectroscopy nearedge. Introduction to carbon nanotubes and their applications. Their remarkable properties, such as great strength, light weight, special electronic structures and high stability, make carbon nanotubes the ideal material for a wide range of applications. Carbon nanotubes cnt belong to a large group of hollow fiberlike carbonbased nanomaterials with diameters mostly below 100 nm and very high aspect ratios. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes fb physik, fu berlin. Raman lineshape can distinguish metallic and semiconducting nanotubes kataura plots relate the e ii to n,m tubes resonant raman scattering in carbon nanotubes m. Interactions between singlewalled carbon nanotubes and. They are chemically very stable, mechanically very strong and conduct electricity. Synthesis, properties and applications, first edition. A variety of outstanding experimental results on the elucidation of the elastic properties of carbon nanotubes are fast appearing. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes wikipedia.
This low carbon content carbon source simplifies the control of layer number. Mar 12, 2004 carbon nanotubes are exceptionally interesting from a fundamental research point of view. A set of relationships is developed for selected physical properties of singlewalled carbon nanotubes swcn and their hexagonal arrays as a function of nanotube size in terms of the chiral. In this paper, a brief introduction focusing on basic concepts and of carbon nanotubes will be geometry. Nanotubes are promising candidates for nanoscale lightemitters and many other optical applications, especially in the infrared wavelength. Introduction carbon nanotubes are currently the focus of intense research due to their unique properties and potential to impact broad areas of science and technology. Physical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes intechopen.
This lowcarboncontent carbon source simplifies the control of layer number. Carbon nanotubes have the strongest tensile strength of any material known. Structure and properties of carbon nanotubes sciencedirect. Cnt are of high technological interest because they can be produced or refined to possess specific properties such as high. This article provides the minimum information required for an electrical engineer to parse a scholarly article on singlewall carbon nanotubes. Properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications article pdf available in nanoscale research letters 91. Introduction to carbon nanotubes and their applications 1. Although graphene sheets have 2d symmetry, carbon nanotubes by geometry have different properties in axial and radial directions. These are large macromolecules that are unique for their size, shape, and remarkable physical properties. Likewise, joining cnts together may form transistorlike devices. Carbon nanotubes are considered to have some exceptional characteristics. These are based mainly on the techniques of highresolution transmission electron microscopy hrtem and atomic force microscopy afm to determine the youngs moduli of singlewall nanotube bundles and multiwalled nanotubes, prepared by a number of methods. Therefore cnts completely comprised of the pure carbon atoms by rolling up of graphene sheets have naturally been expected to possess.
Carbon nanotube c nt is a tabular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1nm. Physical properties of carbon nanotubes by saito, dresselhaus and dresselhaus imperial college press, 1998. Nir absorption spectroscopy and electroanalytical measurements using nanotube fieldeffect transistors ntfets. Different to traditional graphitic fibers, nanotubes combine, as we have shown all. Nanotubes carbon nanotubes are classified in following two types, 1, 9 swnts single walled carbon nanotubes mwnts multiple walled carbon nanotubes comparision between swnt and mwnt is as presented in table 1. Structure and properties of carbon nanotubes youtube. It is widely accepted that the sp 2 c c covalent bond in the graphitic hexagonal ring is probably the strongest chemical bond among the known systems in nature.
Carbon nanotubes cnts are long hollow cylinders of graphene. Basics concepts and methods in materials mechanics 2. Mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube. From combining both techniques, we have found that mttps donate electron density exclusively into semiconducting. International journal of engineering research and general. Pdf carbon nanotubes are remarkable objects that look set to revolutionize the. Iijima, nature london 354, 56 1991 the most important and general results concerning studies of carbon nanotubes are collected in the book r. According to sem and tem images and xanes spectra, cnts are highly oriented under optimized conditions, notably when the ammonia. They open up new perspectives for various applications, such as nanotransistors in circuits, for hydrogen storage in fuel cells, as artificial muscles, or as an added reinforcement in alloys. Arc discharge method10 arc discharge method has been reported for producing carbon nanotubes. Many concepts of onedimensional physics have been verified. Because of the bright future for carbon nanotubes, a great deal of effort has been devoted to understanding and. Physical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes. Synthesis, integration, and properties hongjie dai department of chemistry, stanford university, stanford, california 94305 received january 23, 2002 abstract synthesis of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition over patterned catalyst arrays leads to nanotubes grown from specific sites on surfaces.
In these last twenty years, carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention from physicists, chemists, material scientists, and electronic device engineers because of their excellent structural, electronic, optical, chemical and mechanical properties. Basic concepts and physical properties carbon nanotubes basic. Physical properties of carbon nanotubes pdf free download epdf. Carbon nanotubes overview of properties, classification. For multiwall carbon nanotubes, isotr 10929 identifies the basic properties and the content of impurities, while isots 11888 describes morphology using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, viscometry, and light scattering analysis. Many concepts of onedimensional physics have been verified experimentally such as electron and phonon confinement or the onedimensional singularities in the density of states. These are based mainly on the techniques of highresolution transmission electron microscopy hrtem and atomic force microscopy afm to determine the youngs moduli of singlewall nanotube bundles and multiwalled nanotubes, prepared by a number of. The carbon atoms in nanotubes are arranged in long, hollow cylinders. Oct 18, 2014 unique properties material of the future seemingly infinite applications possible health issues carbon nano tubes 14. Cnt is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube. Because electron waves can reinforce or cancel one another, an electron spreading around the circumference of a nanotube can completely cancel itself out. Abstract carbon nanotubes cnts are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length to diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reveal them as one of the strongest materials in nature. Carbon nanotubes cnts are nanostructures derived from rolled graphene planes and possess various interesting chemical and physical properties.
Apr 18, 2005 the unique properties of carbon nanotubes ensure they have great potential in many electronic and mechanical applications. Carbon nanotubes are rolled up graphene sheets with a quasionedimensional structure of nanometerscale diameter. Selfconsistent physical properties of carbon nanotubes in. The noncovalent functionalization, or complexation, of singlewalled carbon nanotubes swnts with metallotetraphenyl porphyrins mtpps was monitored with uv. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Soon after they were discovered, researchers realized their broad applications in prospect. This article looks at the properties, structure, fabrication and synthesis of nanotubes both multiwalled and singlewalled, as well as the potential industry applications. In the same way, combining cnts together might result in transistorlike devices. Carbon nanotubes cnts are tiny tubes with diameters of a few nanometers and lengths of several microns made of carbon atoms. Single walled double walled carbon nanotubes molecular structure. Controlling the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes cnt belong to a large group of hollow fiberlike carbon based nanomaterials with diameters mostly below 100 nm and very high aspect ratios. Since the applications of multiwalled carbon nanotubes usually do not have a strict requirement for the controlled diameter, it is easier to synthesize the multi walled carbon nanotubes than single or doublewalled carbon nanotubes.