Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. In this section youll learn more about three different managerial styles and their impact on employee motivation. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output. A theorist who argued two sets of assumptions theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. In addition, minimal access to data on financials for small and.
From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory xtype organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance assessment is part of the overall mechanism of control and compensation. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. This lesson goes over these additional learning goals. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples.
Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and theory y a theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y job embeddedness theory assumptions cognitive dissonance theory of leon festinger dalam a first look at communication theory practical theory complete a selfinstruction music. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at.
Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to the organization. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y.
Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation.
In relation to theory y, the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between the managers and workers, which relates to maslows needs for selfactualization. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it.
Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory x and theory y team management training from. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Theory x managers believe all actions should be traceable to the individual responsible. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work.
A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and theory y a theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y job embeddedness theory assumptions cognitive dissonance theory of leon festinger dalam a first look at communication theory practical theory complete a selfinstruction music theory course. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on.
He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Theory x power is supreme is the main theme of the theory where the people at work level have no authority to suggest or object anything except to carry out the orders of the supervisor. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Theory y highlights the work satisfaction of employees and gives authority to. Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. As per assumption of mcgregors theory x, the employees really dislike the work, so they are forced to do it. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Dec 25, 20 theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s.
These theories continue to be important even today. Theory x pertains and offers importance to strict supervision, additional rewards and external penalties in order to keep individuals concentration at work. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Coming to theory ytype organizations, appraisal is also regular and crucial, but is usually a separate mechanism from organizational controls. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect.
The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Theory y assumes that higherorder needs to dominate individuals. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Mcgregor hoped that his book would lead managers to investigate the two sets of beliefs, invent others, test out the assumptions underlying them, and develop managerial strategies that made sense in terms of those tested views of reality. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x.
Mcgregor recognized that x type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed.